International Journal of Economics, Education, Law and Social Sciences (IJEELSC)
THE EFFECT OF OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE ON CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE FOR THE 2020–2024 PERIOD
This study aims to analyze the effect of institutional ownership and managerial ownership on firm financial performance, measured using Tobin’s Q, in industrial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020–2024 period. The study adopts a quantitative approach using panel data regression with 70 observations from 14 companies selected through purposive sampling. The selection of the most appropriate model was conducted using the Chow test and the Hausman test, which indicate that the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) is the most suitable model for the analysis. The results show that, partially, both institutional ownership and managerial ownership do not have a statistically significant effect on Tobin’s Q. However, simultaneously, both variables have a significant effect on firm financial performance. These findings suggest that ownership structure mechanisms are more effective in explaining firm performance when operating simultaneously within a corporate governance framework. Based on agency theory, these results confirm that the combination of ownership mechanisms can serve as a more effective monitoring tool in reducing conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders. This study provides empirical contributions to the corporate governance literature in developing countries, particularly in the Indonesian industrial sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salsa Vonni Indrayani, Ratih Kusumastuti, Mukhzarudfa, Wiwik Tiswiyanti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING, GREEN INVESTMENT, AND ESG DISCLOSURE ON FIRM VALUE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE ENERGY SECTOR ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE 2020-2024 PERIOD
This study examines the impact of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA), Green Investment (GI), and ESG Disclosure on firm value (Tobin's Q) among 16 energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2020-2024. Using a quantitative approach and multiple linear regression, the study analyzed 80 observations selected through purposive sampling. The results indicate that the model significantly explains 66.4% of the variation in firm value (Adjusted R² = 0.664). In partial analysis, only EMA was found to have a significant positive effect on firm value (β = 0.997; t = 12.482; p < 0.001). Conversely, Green Investment (β = 0.128; t = 1.506; p = 0.136) and ESG Disclosure (β = -0.022; t = -0.632; p = 0.529) showed no significant impact. These findings suggest that the systematic internalization of environmental costs through EMA is a key driver of market perception in Indonesia's energy sector. Consequently, firms and regulators should prioritize the depth of internal environmental management practices over mere formal disclosure to effectively enhance investor confidence and corporate value.
Copyright (c) 2026 Disya Yuke Farhana, Mukhzarudfa, Ratih Kusumastuti, Wiwik Tiswiyanti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
WHAT DRIVES TRANSFER PRICING PRACTICES? EVIDENCE FROM THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR
This study aims to analyze the influence of tenure audits, tax minimization, and debt covenants on transfer pricing practices in healthcare sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020–2024 period. Transfer pricing is a pricing policy in transactions between parties that have a special relationship, which is often used by companies for tax efficiency purposes and financial performance management. This study uses a quantitative approach with a hypothesis testing method. The research population includes 38 healthcare sector companies on the IDX, while sample selection is carried out through purposive sampling with certain criteria until 13 eligible companies are obtained. The research data is in the form of secondary data sourced from the company's annual financial statements downloaded through the official IDX website (www.idx.co.id). The data analysis was carried out using linear regression of the panel data with the help of the EViews 12 software, as this model is able to accommodate data variations across time and between companies. The results of the study show that tenure audit and tax minimization do not have a significant effect on transfer pricing practices. This shows that the length of the auditor-client relationship and tax savings efforts do not necessarily affect transfer pricing decisions. In contrast, debt covenants have been shown to have a significant effect on transfer pricing practices, confirming that contractual pressures from debt agreements can motivate management to use transfer pricing. These findings are expected to make a theoretical and practical contribution to the development of accounting literature, regulators, investors, and corporate management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karolina Kavnet Daeli, Mohamad Zulman Hakim, Audy Fiska Farah Diba, Naswa Zulfa Tuffahati, Septia Permatasari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE EFFECT OF AUDIT TENURE, TAX MINIMIZATION, AND DEBT COVENANT ON TRANSFER PRICING
This study examines the influence of audit tenure, tax minimization, and debt covenants on transfer pricing practices in industrial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2021 to 2024. A quantitative research approach was employed using secondary data from companies’ annual reports and financial statements. Through purposive sampling, 18 companies were selected, yielding 72 firm-year observations. Data were analyzed using panel data regression with EViews 12. Model selection tests, including the Chow test, Hausman test, and Lagrange Multiplier test, indicated that the Random Effects Model was the most appropriate estimation method. The findings show that transfer pricing is positively and significantly influenced by audit tenure, suggesting that longer auditor–client relationships enhance auditors’ ability to monitor and identify related-party transactions. Conversely, transfer pricing is negatively affected by tax minimization, proxied by the effective tax rate, and debt covenants, measured by the debt-to-equity ratio. Collectively, audit tenure, tax minimization, and debt covenants simultaneously influence transfer pricing, although the adjusted R-squared value of 12.16% indicates that transfer pricing practices are largely explained by factors outside the model. These findings offer insights for regulators and companies regarding the importance of auditor oversight in promoting transparency and compliance in related-party transactions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabilah Aulia Azmi, Mohamad Zulman Hakim, Putri Rahayu, Reni Nasiatul Hamidah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
HEPTAGON FRAUD: DETECTING FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL REPORTING IN INDONESIA’S CONSUMER NON-CYCLICALS SECTOR
This study examines the effect of the Fraud Hexagon on fraudulent financial reporting in consumer non-cyclicals sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2021–2024 using a quantitative approach with panel data regression analysis. The sample consists of 60 companies selected through a purposive sampling method, and fraudulent financial reporting is analyzed in relation to several Fraud Hexagon proxy variables, including financial target, financial stability, external pressure, personal financial need, nature of industry, auditor change, change in directors, effective monitoring, greed, ignorance, and the frequency of CEO photographs. The empirical results show that ignorance, nature of industry, and auditor change have a significant effect on fraudulent financial reporting, while financial target, financial stability, external pressure, personal financial need, change in directors, greed, effective monitoring, and the frequency of CEO photographs do not significantly affect fraudulent financial reporting. These findings indicate that fraud risk in the consumer non-cyclicals sector is driven more by organizational awareness, industry-specific characteristics, and changes in external auditors than by financial pressure or managerial incentives. This study implies that regulators, auditors, and corporate governance mechanisms should prioritize strengthening internal control awareness, improving industry-based risk assessment, and closely monitoring auditor switching to enhance the prevention and detection of fraudulent financial reporting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Zulman Hakim, Apriansyah Saputra, Pugorlillah Rasuan Nanda Pasiraja, Mohamad Vigu Gonzales (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
FRAUD HEPTAGON FACTORS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM CONSUMER CYCLICALS FIRMS
This study examines the effect of the Fraud Heptagon elements on Financial Statement Fraud in Consumer Cyclicals sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2021–2024. Using the purposive sampling method, 29 companies were selected, resulting in 116 panel data observatiotions analyzed through panel data regression. The result show that Financial Target (ROA) negatively affects financial statement fraud, while External Pressure (LEVERAGE) and Change in Director (CID) have positive effects. In contrast, Financial Stability (ACHANGE), Personal Financial Need (OSHIP), Greed, Ideal Conditions of the Company (NOI), and Frequent Number of CEO Pictures (CEOPIC) show no significants effect. Ignorance and Effective Monitoring (BDOUT) negatively affect fraud, indicating that awareness and good supervision reduce manipulations risks. Meanwhile, Change in Auditor (CHAUD) positively influence fraud, suggesting that auditor changes may create opportunities for misconduct. Overall, the findings highlight that not all Fraud Heptagon elements significantsly affect financial statement fraud. However, governance quality, leadership stability, and external oversight remain crucial in preventing fraudulent financial reporting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Zulman Hakim, Diva Septy Annisa, Rara Andini, Selvy Aprilianty (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
EDUCATIONAL CONTENT, INFORMATION QUALITY, AND BRAND AWARENESS: A STUDY OF INSTAGRAM USERS IN TANGERANG
The development of digital technology has changed the pattern of communication in society, with Instagram now becoming the main platform for brands to build awareness through visual and informative content. This study aims to examine the influence of educational content and information quality on the level of brand awareness among Instagram users in Tangerang City. Using a quantitative approach with an explanatory survey method, this study involved a population of 300 Instagram users. The research sample consisted of 75 respondents determined using the Slovin formula with non-probability sampling techniques. Data were collected through a Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results show that, partially, educational content has a positive and significant effect on brand awareness (t-count 3.223 > t-table 2.645). Similarly, information quality has a positive and significant effect (t-count 4.914 > t-table 2.645) and is the most dominant variable. Simultaneously, both variables had a significant effect with an F-value of 96.048 and contributed 72.7% to the variation in brand awareness. This study concluded that the combination of educational content and accurate information presentation is very effective in strengthening brand memory among social media users.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alya Fitria Sari, Yanti Susanti, Zahra Allya Dika, Eisya Sabilatul F. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST ACTS OF VIGILANTISM IN SOCIETY AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF CRIMINAL ACTS (STUDY AT THE REGIONAL POLICE OF LAMPUNG PROVINCE)
Vigilantism represents a social phenomenon that frequently arises as an impulsive community response following a crime, largely stemming from diminished confidence in law enforcement. Such conduct poses a significant risk of generating additional legal infractions, given that it operates independently of authorized judicial procedures. The research questions include what form of law enforcement is taken against vigilantism that occurs in society after a crime occurs within the jurisdiction of the Lampung Provincial Police, what obstacles the Lampung Provincial Police face in enforcing the law against perpetrators of vigilantism, and what efforts the Lampung Provincial Police have taken to address the occurrence of vigilantism. The research method used is normative and empirical juridical with primary and secondary data analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that law enforcement against vigilantism is carried out through criminal law mechanisms in accordance with the Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code, with security measures, investigations, and inquiries without distinguishing the status of the perpetrator as a manifestation of the principle of due process of law and equality before the law. This law enforcement is felt by the community through the presence of officers at the scene of the incident, action against the perpetrator, and calls for resolution through legal channels. Obstacles faced include the spontaneous and group nature of the actions, difficulty in identifying the perpetrator, limited witnesses and evidence, and the continued strong belief that vigilantism is a normal reaction. Social solidarity and family resolutions also weaken the effectiveness of law enforcement. The efforts of the Lampung Provincial Police are carried out in a preventive, preemptive, and repressive manner through legal counseling, involvement of community and religious leaders, increased rapid police response, and firm action against perpetrators. This approach aims to prevent the culture of vigilantism and increase public trust in law enforcement. The recommendations include increasing public legal awareness, optimizing professional and consistent law enforcement by the police, and providing government support through strengthening policies, infrastructure, and ongoing legal education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurdianita, Lina Maulidiana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT AND NON-PERFORMING LOAN DYNAMICS IN HOME OWNERSHIP LENDING: EVIDENCE FROM AN INDONESIAN STATE-OWNED BANK
This study aims to analyze the application of credit risk management in PT Bank Tabungan Negara (Persero) Tbk's Home Ownership Loan (KPR) products during the 2022–2024 period. Credit risk is a major risk in banking that has the potential to affect asset quality and stability of banks' financial performance, especially in banks with a focus on housing financing such as BTN. The research method used is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach by utilizing secondary data in the form of financial statements, risk management reports, as well as official publications of BTN and relevant scientific journals. The analysis focused on the development of Non-Performing Loan (NPL) ratios, the application of prudential principles, and mortgage credit risk mitigation strategies. The results show that the NPL ratio of BTN MORTGAGES during the 2022–2024 period has experienced an increasing trend, but is still at a relatively controlled level. BTN consistently implements credit risk management through 5C-based feasibility analysis and continuous credit supervision. This study concludes that the effectiveness of credit risk management plays an important role in maintaining the quality of mortgage credit and the sustainability of BTN's performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Handayani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
STUDENTS' DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE IN ECONOMICS IN OSUN STATE
The study examined the influence of secondary school students’ gender and socio-economic background on their academic performance. The study also determined the influence of secondary school students’ socio-economic background on their attitude toward Economics in Osun State, Nigeria. The research adopted a descriptive survey design. The population comprised all Senior Secondary School II students offering Economics in public schools across the state. A sample of 720 students was selected using a simple random sampling technique from twelve (12) schools. Data were collected using the Socio-Economic Background Questionnaire (SEBQ), Mathematical Economic test (MET) and Economics Students’ Attitudinaire (ESA), and they were analysed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. The findings revealed that gender significantly influenced students’ academic performance in Economics (R = -0.14; p < 0.05), with female students outperforming males. Similarly, socio-economic background had a significant positive influence on students’ attitude towards Economics (R = 0.29; p < 0.05). Based on the findings, it was recommended that schools should adopt gender-responsive instructional strategies and provide support mechanisms for students from low-income backgrounds to improve both performance and disposition toward Economics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Folasade Omotosho, Adesina B. A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTING CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW IN DIGITAL ECONOMY: LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF E-COMMERCE DELIVERY SERVICE PROVIDERS
The development of the business world in the current digital era has developed rapidly, Indonesian people prefer to use electronic media to meet all their wants and needs in everything such as fashion, household needs, etc. Such a situation makes digital platforms develop very rapidly with the aim of meeting the needs of the Indonesian people in meeting all needs in a practical and cost-effective way. Various platforms have emerged, including Buka Lapak as a digital platform that is growing rapidly today, for business development the platform opens partnerships in various regions so that the business reach is wider, one of which is in Cikeusik sub-district called Mitra Bukalapak Agen Tiga Putra. This research will identify the extent to which business actors, in this case Mitra Bukalapak Agen Tiga Putra, are responsible for the loss of goods sent by consumers and whether consumers receive adequate legal protection in accordance with the applicable provisions in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The Research Method uses a qualitative approach with an analytical descriptive method, where data is obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation conducted in the field. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide an understanding of the practice of legal responsibility in shipping services and consumer protection in the event of loss of goods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dede Mulyati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
DIGITAL COMIC MEDIA FOR MATHEMATICAL LITERACY DEVELOPMENT IN EDUCATION: A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH
The purpose of this research is to produce a valid and practical contextual digital comic media for eighth-grade circle material. The research and development were conducted using the ADDIE R&D model. The research began with the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The developed digital comic was validated by expert validators: material experts, language experts, and media experts. The material experts scored 95.2%, with very valid criteria, the language experts scored 84%, with very valid criteria, and the media experts scored 84.6%, with very valid criteria. The validation results of the digital comic, validated by the expert validators, indicated that the digital comic was suitable for limited testing with students to determine its practicality. The digital comic, which had previously been revised based on the suggestions and input from the expert validators, was presented. The limited trial began with a small group trial with an average percentage of 85.5%, categorized as very practical, followed by a large group trial with an average percentage of 85.6%, categorized as very practical. The limited trial was conducted in class VIII D of SMPN 2 Menes. Posttest results showed that digital comics were able to support students' mathematical literacy skills, with high average scores in the small group trial of 18 and the large group of 18, with a stable standard deviation of 1.25 for the small group and 1.76 for the large group. Thus, digital comics, in addition to being practical, can also support students' mathematical literacy skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nenden Suciyati Sartika, Peni Permatasari, Ika Meika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ETHNOMATHEMATICS IN PRACTICE: MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS IN PANDEGLANG'S TRADITIONAL BALOK CAKE
The purpose of this study is to determine the relevance of Pandeglang's traditional food, Kue Balok, to mathematics learning using the Ethnomathematics approach. Ethnomathematics is one of the applications of mathematics learning related to culture. This research was conducted at Kue Balok Babakan Hj. Djamsinah located in Montor, Pagelaran District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten. The object of ethnomathematics study in this study is Pandeglang's traditional food, Kue Balok. The type of research used is exploratory research with an ethnographic approach. Data collection methods used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that mathematics learning using the traditional Pandeglang food, kue blok, as an object can be linked to geometry and flat-sided solids. The shape of the kue blok itself represents the concept of a cuboid, so it can be used to introduce concepts such as volume and surface area. Its relevance to mathematics learning lies in its potential as a contextual learning medium that can bridge students' understanding of abstract mathematical concepts. Thus, ethnomathematics in kue blok can be used to create mathematics learning that is more meaningful and relevant to students' local culture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nenden Suciyati Sartika, Peni Permatasari, Eka Rosdianwinata (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
HOSPITAL REVENUE MANAGEMENT MODEL BASED ON HUMAN CENTRED DESIGN: A CASE STUDY OF A HOSPITAL IN GHANA
This study aims to enhance revenue mobilisation at Breman Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) Hospital, Kumasi, through Human-Centred Design principles and design thinking methodologies. The study employs innovation and user-centred systems theory, systems thinking theory, and service design theory. Employing a qualitative case study approach, the research sampled 24 stakeholders comprising finance staff, clinical personnel, and patients at the hospital. Data collection utilised structured interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. The study employs thematic analysis to examine patterns and generate insights. Findings revealed that revenue challenges stem from systemic integration gaps rather than isolated technical failures. This manifests through disconnected workflows, inadequate patient communication systems, and limited interdepartmental collaboration. The design thinking process successfully engaged stakeholders in collaborative problem-solving, generating innovative solutions that address multiple system components simultaneously. Findings validate the study’s theoretical background. Key recommendations include developing patient financial education programs, implementing simplified billing systems, integrating financial counselling into clinical workflows, and enhancing mobile payment options. The research demonstrates that Human-Centred Design principles effectively address complex healthcare management challenges, aligning with organisational missions and stakeholder needs. The study contributes practical frameworks for implementing participatory improvement initiatives in resource-constrained healthcare settings and provides evidence for the effectiveness of stakeholder-centred approaches to financial sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniel Amoah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION WITH GOODS DELIVERY SERVICES: THE ROLE OF COURIERS, DELIVERY LOCATIONS, DELIVERY TIME, AND COMPLAINT SERVICE AVAILABILITY IN ONLINE SHOPPING APPLICATIONS
This study investigates the influence of key factors in delivery services such as courier performance, delivery location, delivery time, and availability of complaint services on customer satisfaction in the context of online shopping applications. Using a quantitative approach and data collected from 300 valid responses in Medan were collected using purposive sampling, this study utilised PLS-SEM through SmartPLS to test the proposed model. The results show that all four factors have a significant and positive impact on customer satisfaction, with delivery time showing the strongest influence. On the other hand, the existence of an easily accessible and responsive complaint system strengthens consumers' trust in e-commerce platforms. Implications for e-commerce platforms and logistics providers are also discussed in this study, thus providing a clear understanding of the performance of e-commerce platforms in Indonesia. In addition, this study also makes a practical contribution by suggesting that e-commerce companies should focus more on improving delivery efficiency and post-purchase service, as well as building a proactive customer complaint system. Academically, the results of this study add to the literature in the field of logistics management and customer satisfaction in the digital era, and open up room for further research that can explore additional factors such as shipping costs, item security, and app user experience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hendra Jonathan Sibarani, Elizabet Haloho, Fitria Halim, Nora Anisa Sinulingga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION OF FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN IMPROVING THE PROFITABILITY PERFORMANCE OF THE ISLAMIC BANKING SECTOR
The transformation of the global economic paradigm towards a sustainable financial system puts Islamic banking in a strategic position but faces the complexity of challenges in optimizing profitability. This research aims to analyze the implementation of financial risk management in improving the profitability performance of the Indonesian Islamic banking sector. The research method uses an explanatory quantitative approach with data analysis of a panel of 15 Islamic banks for the 2019-2023 period. The results showed an average NPF of 3.2%, FDR of 89.4%, and CAR of 22.5% with variability indicating risk complexity. The effectiveness of risk management was positively correlated significantly with ROA (r=0.68, p<0.01) and ROE, where large banks achieved an effectiveness score of 78.5% compared to 58.9% of small banks. Digital technology integration shows 67% adoption with a 32% increase in operational efficiency. A one-unit increase in effectiveness score contributed to a 0.034% ROA growth and an ROE of 0.28%. The study concludes that the implementation of optimal risk management has a significant impact on profitability with a lag effect of 6-9 months, confirming the strategic imperative for sustainable investment in risk management infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nanda Ayu Frastika, Yanti Susanti, Nisma Natasha Arla, Wilyan Arta Almajid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
FINANCIAL IMPACT AND RISKS ON STUDENT INVESTMENT DECISIONS
With the advancement of financial technology, university students now have access to a variety of investment instruments. However, investment decisions are influenced not only by potential returns but also by personal financial conditions and perceptions of risk. This study aims to analyze the influence of financial conditions and risk perception on students' investment decisions. A quantitative approach combining descriptive and associative methods was employed. The descriptive approach provides an overview of student investment behavior, while the associative approach examines the relationship between financial condition (X1), risk perception (X2), and investment decisions (Y). Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to student respondents, resulting in a total of 151 samples. These were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics to explore inter-variable relationships. The respondents were drawn from several universities across Indonesia, including both public and private institutions. The majority of respondents—61 students (40.4%)—came from Yatsi Madani University, while the remaining 90 students (59.6%) were from other universities such as Pamulang University, Raharja University, Jakarta State University, Indonesia University, Padjadjaran University, and Bandung Institute of Technology. Based on the results, it can be concluded that in today's digital era, students' investment behaviors and decisions are significantly influenced by both independent variables: financial condition and risk perception
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanzhely Syabrina Putrie, Yanti Susanti, Shara Salsabila, Nafa Rona Sugesti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
BEYOND THE BUZZWORD: WHAT THE LITERATURE SAYS ABOUT CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
This research aims to examine the influence of tax aggressiveness, firm characteristics, good corporate governance, ownership structure, environmental performance, leverage, board of commissioner's size, and profitability on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This study employs a qualitative approach using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method and applies the PRISMA framework in reviewing 15 selected journal articles published between 2013 and 2023. The results indicate that firm characteristics, good corporate governance, environmental performance, board of commissioner's size, and profitability have varying effects on CSR disclosure depending on company context. Meanwhile, tax aggressiveness, leverage, and ownership structure tend to have a negative or inconsistent influence on CSR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faza Wahyu Anggrainy, Sultan Maulana Hakim, Ester Hanna Gunawan, Dian Widiyati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
INTEGRATING CSR AND GREEN ACCOUNTING: IMPACT ON CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN INDONESIA
This study investigates the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Green Accounting on the financial performance of companies in emerging markets, focusing on the Indonesian manufacturing sector during the period 2020–2024. A total of 220 manufacturing firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) were selected using purposive sampling, based on the availability of sustainability and annual reports. The analysis employed multiple linear regression with the support of EViews 12 software to examine the relationship between the independent variables (CSR and Green Accounting) and financial performance. The findings reveal that both CSR and Green Accounting have a significant positive influence on financial performance, indicating that firms engaging in socially and environmentally responsible practices are likely to achieve better financial outcomes. These results highlight the strategic importance of integrating sustainability initiatives into corporate operations. Future research is recommended to explore additional variables and extend the analysis across different sectors or timeframes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bahtiar Effendi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
REVISITING THE GOLDEN RULE IN ACCOUNTING: A NORMATIVE INQUIRY INTO JUSTICE, FAIRNESS, AND EQUITY
This paper examines the application of the ethical principle of the Golden Rule, “Treat others as you wish to be treated,” in a framework of accounting professions. It is notable that justice and fairness, or equity, are accepted elements of accounting’s legitimacy, value, and social worth; nevertheless, a full application of the Golden Rule in accounting theory and practice has not been realized. This work aims at establishing a normative model rooted in the Golden Rule to account for distributive, procedural, and corrective injustice in accounting, drawing from differing philosophical, religious, and ethical works. This model demonstrates how the Golden Rule can help resolve ethics-based dilemmas related to financial reporting, auditing, taxation, and professional practices by cultivating empathy and reciprocal responsibility, which can be termed attitudinal accountability among professionals. This paper also outlines actionable recommendations for educators as well as setters of standards and practitioners within prescribed professional networks. Policy initiatives researched are on the implementation forefront. Ultimately this paper argues that the profession of accounting advocating moral culture with the Golden Rule will restore public confidence while providing better opportunities for all stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bamidele Vincent Olawale, Abdulsallam Dauda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW AGAINST GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS CRIMES IN THE CONTEXT OF GENOCIDE
Human rights are a basic concept that recognizes the rights inherent in all human beings based on their humanity. These rights are universal and apply to all individuals at all times and in all places. These rights are irrevocable and cannot be taken away. In addition, human rights are interconnected, interdependent, and inseparable. Gross human rights crimes, such as crimes against humanity, are committed systematically and on a widespread scale with the aim of using power. These crimes are categorized as extraordinary crimes, with special characteristics and defined in laws relating to human rights courts. These crimes include crimes such as genocide and crimes against humanity. The serious problem of human rights crimes has received international attention, with the Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court dealing with these crimes. International institutions, such as the United Nations, play an important role in protecting human rights, in line with their responsibility to uphold international security and peace.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nopit Ernasari, Devi Anggaeni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM SIZE, AUDIT FEE, AND COMPANY SIZE ON AUDIT QUALITY
This study seeks to examine the influence of public accounting firm magnitude, audit fees, and company scale on audit quality. Utilizing quantitative methodology, logistic regression analysis was conducted employing spss version 25 software. The study focused on building materials firms listed on the malaysia stock exchange between 2020 and 2022. Data were extracted from the annual reports of these entities, with a purposive sampling approach involving 27 companies. Findings indicate a statistically significant positive relationship between the size of public accounting firms and audit quality (p < 0.001). Conversely, audit fees (p = 0.738) and company size (p = 0.243) exhibit no significant positive association with audit quality. Hence, the research concludes that public accounting firm magnitude positively impacts audit quality, while audit fees and company size lack significant influence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Icih, Norhanizah Johari, Anissa Dela Fitri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PROFITABILITY MODERATES THE INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) AND INDEPENDENT BOARDS OF COMMISSIONERS ON COMPANY VALUE
This research aims to analyze the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and independent board of commissioners on company value with profitability as a moderation in Manufacturing Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021-2023. This study uses a quantitative approach. The sampling technique used in this study using a purposive sampling approach after the sampling technique was carried out, the companies used in the study were 29 companies with a total observation year of 3 years so that the sample data used was 87 data on manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021-2023, The data analysis technique used moderation regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has an effect on company value, an independent board of commissioners has an effect on company value, profitability has an effect on company value, profitability can be a moderation between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and company value, and profitability can be a moderation between an independent board of commissioners and company value.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rudi Harianto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
LEGAL REVIEW OF THE CRIME OF HACKING CRYPTOCURRENCY BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
Hacking cryptocurrencies (digital currencies that include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, Stellar, Dogecoin, Cardano, Eos, and Tron) is a serious challenge in the context of blockchain technology, threatening the security and trust of users and the system as a whole. This research aims to explore cryptocurrency hacking with a focus on blockchain technology. The first problem statement identifies the types of hacks that are common in cryptocurrency transactions, while the second problem statement explores the factors that influence the vulnerability of blockchain systems to hacking. The research method uses a normative research type, with a detailed literature study approach to hacking cases that have occurred before, as well as technical analysis of system weaknesses that allow hacking to occur. Data was collected from relevant primary and secondary sources to support the analysis. The outcome of this research is an in-depth understanding of how hacking mechanisms work in the context of blockchain, as well as the identification of risk factors that can be evaluated to strengthen blockchain security. The findings provide a foundation for practical advice for blockchain platform developers, cryptocurrency users, and regulators in an effort to improve the security of future blockchain infrastructure. It is hoped that the results of this study will not only improve the understanding of cryptocurrency hacking threats, but will also make a significant contribution to building a more secure and trustworthy blockchain ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Kadir, Khozinatul Asrori (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0